The Court of Cassation also upheld life sentences against two other Brotherhood leaders including Mahmoud Ghozlan, a Brotherhood spokesman, along with five-year prison terms for 14 others, defence lawyer Abdel Moneim Abdel Maksoud told AFP.
Badie's life sentence -- his third -- and the court's other rulings are final and cannot be appealed.
The defendants were accused of conspiring to stir unrest during protests that followed the July 2013 military-led ouster of Egypt's Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, who hailed from the Brotherhood.
The retrial came after the Court of Cassation scrapped a 2015 ruling under which Badie and 13 others were condemned to death and 34 defendants given life terms -- 25 years in Egypt.
The court has cancelled scores of death sentences against Morsi supporters, including against the deposed president himself.
Egypt designated the Brotherhood a "terrorist" organisation in December 2013.